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²Ä3¹ï¸£¯«¸g-°Ê²´¯«¸g(Oculomotor
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²Ä¤T¡B¥|¡B¤»¤T¹ï¸£¯«¸gªº¯«¸g®Ö(nucleus)¦ì¦b¸£·F¡A¯«¸g®Öªº¶b¬ð(axon)ª½±µ¨ì¹F²´¥~¦Ù¡A¨S¦³¦A¸g¹L¤¤¤¶ªº¯«¸g¤¸¡C
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¥~®i¯«¸g(n.VI)³Â·ô¡A³y¦¨¤º±×µø¡F·Æ¨®¯«¸g(n.IV)³Â·ô(±`ºÙ¬°¤W±×¦Ù³Â·ô)¡A³y¦¨¸Ó²´¤W±×µø¡B¥~±×µø¡F°Ê²´¯«¸g(n.III)³Â·ô³ÌÄY«¡A¥¦¤ä°t4±ø²´¥~¦Ù¡A²´·ú¦]¦¹¤£¯à¦V¤º¬Ý¡B¤£¯à¦V¤W¬Ý¡B¤£¯à¦V¤U¬Ý¡A¥¦¤]¤ä°t¤W²´¥Ö©MÀû¤Õ¡A¦]¦¹³y¦¨²´Â¥¤U««¡BÀû¤ÕÂX¤j¡I
Version(Âù²´¦@³m¹B°Ê)
ªF±i¦è±æªº®ÉԨⲴ²´²y¬O¤@¦P¤W¤U¥ª¥k¹B°Êªº¡A³o´N¬O¨â²´ªº¦@³m¹B°Ê(version)¡A¥Õ¸ÜÁ¿´N¬O¡¥ª`µø¡¦©Î¡¥¬Ý¡¦¡A^¤å¬O¡¥gaze¡¦¡Gright gaze¡Bleft-down
gaze¡B¦V¤W¬Ý¡B¦V¥k¤W¬Ý¡Kµ¥µ¥¡C
¦V¥k¬Ýªº®ÉÔ¡A¥k²´¥~ª½¦Ù¦¬ÁY¡B¥ª²´¤ºª½¦Ù¦¬ÁY¡A«eªÌ¬O¥kÃä²Ä6¸£¯«¸g¤ä°t¡B«áªÌ¬O¥ªÃä²Ä3¸£¯«¸g¤ä°t¡C
¥kÃä²Ä6¸£¯«¸g©M¥ªÃä²Ä3¸£¯«¸g«ç»ò·|¦P®Éµo¥X«ü¥O©O¡H
©ó¬O¦b¥kÃ丣·F²Ä6¸£¯«¸g®Ö©M¥ªÃ丣·F²Ä3¸£¯«¸g®Ö¤§¤W¥²©w¦³Ó¦a¤èµo¥X°T¸¹¡A¨Ã¥B¦³¯«¸g¸ô®|¶Ç¾É¨ì³o¨âÓ¯«¸g®Ö¡C
³oÓ¦a¤è´N¬O®Ö¤W«ü´§¤¤¤ß(supranuclear
command center)©ÎªÌ¥s°µª`µø¤¤¤ß(gaze center)
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¥kÃ䪺PPRFµ¹¥X°T¸¹¡A¨â²´¤@°_¦V¥k¬Ý¡F¥ªÃ䪺PPRFµ¹¥X°T¸¹¡A¨â²´¤@°_¦V¥ª¬Ý¡C
§Ú̹ï©ó²´²y¤ô¥¦@³m¹B°Êªº®Ö¤Wª`µø¤¤¤ß(supranuclear
gaze center) PPRFÁA¸Ñ¤ñ¸û¦h¡A¹ï©ó²´²y««ª½¦@³m¹B°Êªº®Ö¤Wª`µø¤¤¤ß´NÁA¸Ñªº¤£¬O¨º»ò²M·¡¡C
¨Ò¦p¦V¥k¤U¬Ýªº®ÉÔ¡A¥k²´¤Uª½¦Ù¦¬ÁY¡B¥ª²´¤W±×¦Ù¦¬ÁY¡A«eªÌ¬O¥kÃä²Ä3¸£¯«¸g¤ä°t¡B«áªÌ¬O¥ªÃä²Ä4¸£¯«¸g¤ä°t¡C
¥kÃä²Ä3¸£¯«¸g©M¥ªÃä²Ä4¸£¯«¸g¬O«ç»ò¦P®Éµo¥X«ü¥O©O¡H
½Ò¥»¤W»¡²´²y««ª½¦@³m¹B°Êªº®Ö¤Wª`µø¤¤¤ß¥]§t¦³(1)¸£¥Õ½è«á³sµ²(posterior
commissure)¡A(2)¤ºÁa§ôÀY°¼¶¡½è®Ö(rostral
interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus, riMLF)©M(3)Cajar¤ó¶¡½è®Ö(interstitial nucleus of Cajar)(¨£¹Ï)¡C
¦ý¬O¹ï©ó¬Ý¥k¤W¡B¥k¤U¡B¥ª¤W¡B¥ª¤U®É¡A³o¨Ç®Ö¤Wª`µø¤¤¤ß¦p¦ó¤ä°t(¥k¤Wª½¦Ù+¥ª¤U±×¦Ù)¡B(¥k¤Uª½¦Ù+¥ª¤W±×¦Ù)¡B(¥k¤U±×¦Ù+¥ª¤Wª½¦Ù)¡B(¥k¤W±×¦Ù+¥ª¤Uª½¦Ù)³o¨Ç¦@³m¦Ù«h¨S¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú¡C
®Ö¤Wª`µø¤¤¤ß³y¦¨ªº±×µø³Ì¨ã¥Nªí©Êªº¬OÂù¤W±Û¦Ù³Â·ô(Double
elevator palsy, DEP)¡A±ßªñ¦³¤H±N¤§§ï¬°´yz©Êªº¦WºÙ¡¥³æ²´¦V¤W¤£¯à¡¦(Monocular
elevation deficiency, MED)¡A©M¥Òª¬¸¢²´¯f(Thyroid Eye Disease, TED)¤£¯à¦V¤W¬Ý²V¦b¤@°_¡C§Ú²`²`¤£¥H¬°µM¡ADEP©MTEDªº¯f²zºIµM¤£¦P¡A¨S¦³²z¥Ñ¥Î¤@Ó´yz©Êªº¦WºÙ±N¨âªÌ¦X¨Ö°Q½×¡C
DEP¬O²´²y¦b¥~®i©M¦V¤ºªº¤è¦V³£¨S¿ìªk¦V¤W¬Ý¡C¦b¥~®i¦ì¸m¦V¤W¬Ý¥Dn¬O¤Wª½¦Ùµo¤O¡A¦b¦V¤º¦ì¸m¦V¤W¬Ý¥Dn¬O¤U±×¦Ùµo¤O¡C
¤Wª½¦Ù©M¤U±×¦Ù¬O²Ä3¸£¯«¸g®Ö¸Ì¤£¦Pªº¤l¯«¸g®Ö©Ò¤ä°t¡A³o¨âÓ¤l¯«¸g®Ö¥X°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó¦P¼Ë¨ü²Ä3¸£¯«¸g®Ö¤ä°tªº¤ºª½¦Ù¡B¤Uª½¦Ù§¹¦nµL¶Ë¡A¦]¦¹¤£¹³¬O¯«¸g®Ö©Î©PÃ䯫¸gªº¯fÅÜ¡A¤ñ¸û¹³¬O®Ö¤Wª`µø¤¤¤ßªº¯fÅÜ¡C
¯«¸g®Ö©Î©PÃ䯫¸gªº¯fÅÜ¡A¨ä©Ò¤ä°tªº¦Ù¦×¯Ê¥F¯«¸g´£¨Ñªº´þ¾i¦]¤l(trophic
factor)¡A¤[¤§·|²£¥Í¡¥¥h¯«¸g¦Ù¦×µäÁY¡¦(denervation atrophy)¡C¥~®i¯«¸g³Â·ô¤j¦hÄÝ©ó³o¤@Ãþ¡A¥~ª½¦Ù¦]¬°¨S¦³¤F´þ¾i¦]¤l¡A¤@¬q®É¶¡¤§«á¦Ù¦×´N·|µäÁY¡C¤º±×µøªº¤â³N¤@¯ë¬O¤ºª½¦Ù«á±p(recession)+¥~ª½¦ÙºIµu(resection)¡C¥~®i¯«¸g³Â·ô³y¦¨ªº¤º±×µø¡A¤â³N¤¤·|¬Ý¨ì¥~ª½¦ÙµäÁY¡A¦ÙÅÖºûÃP´²¡A³oºØ¦Ù¦×¤£¯à°µºIµu¡B¥[±jªº¤â³N¡C§Y«Kµu®É¶¡¦³¥[±jªº§@¥Î¡A¤[¤F¤º±×µøÁ`·|´_µo¡C¦]¦¹³£¥Î°·±dªº¤Wª½¦Ù©M¤Uª½¦ÙÂà¦ì¨Ó¥[±j¥~®iªº¤O¶q¡A³o´N¬OHummelsheim
procedure¡C
¦ý¬O®Ö¤W¯«¸g³y¦¨ªº±×µø¡A¦]¬°¯«¸g®Ö©M©PÃ䯫¸g§¹¦n¡A¥¦©Ò¤ä°tªº¦Ù¦×¤£·|¦³¡¥¥h¯«¸g¦Ù¦×µäÁY¡¦¡A¥HºIµu¤â³N¨Ó¥[±j³o±ø¦Ù¦×¬O¥i¦æªº¡C½Ò¥»¤WÂù¤W±Û¦Ù³Â·ô³y¦¨¤U±×µø¡A¤â³Nªº³N¦¡³£´£¨ìKnapp's
procedure¡A±N¤ºª½¦Ù©M¥~ª½¦ÙÂà¦ì¨Ó¥[±j¦V¤Wªº¤O¶q¡C§Ú»{¬°ª½±µ§@¤Wª½¦ÙºIµu¡B¥[±j¤â³N¬O¥i¦æªº¡C¤×¨ä¬O¤â³N¤¤¤Ä¥X¤Wª½¦Ùªº®ÉÔ¡A¬Ý¨ì¦Ù¦×ªº¦â¿A§¹¦n¡A¨S¦³µäÁY¡Aªí¥Ü¦s¦b¦³¯«¸g´þ¾i¦]¤l¡A³oºØ¦Ù¦×§@ºIµu¡B¥[±j¤â³N¬O¨S¦³°ÝÃDªº¡C
Vergence(Âù²´¿ç¿ê¹B°Ê)
Âù²´¿ç¿ê¹B°Ê(Vergence)¡AÁ¿¡¥Âù²´»E´²¹B°Ê¡¦(»E¦X/µo´²)(Convergence/Divergence)¤ñ¸û¿Ë¥Á¡B¤ñ¸û®e©ö¤F¸Ñ¡C
©MÂù²´¦@³m¹B°Ê(Conjugate eye movement) (Version)¤£¦P¡A¥¦¬O¨â²´¦V¤£¦Pªº¤è¦V¹B°Ê¡A¬OÂù²´«D¦@³m¹B°Ê(Disconjugate eye movement)¡C
¨Ì¾Ú¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¬f§JµÜ¤À®Õ(UC
Berkeley)µø¥ú¾Ç±Ð±ÂClifton M. SchorªºµÛ§@Vergence Eye Movements:
Basic and Clinical Aspects
Professor
Cliff Schor
ISBN:0409950327,
ISBN13:9780409950328,
Release
Date: March 1983, Publisher:Butterworth-Heinemann, Length:726 Pages
Âù²´»E´²¹B°Ê¦³¥|ºØ¡G
²
Accommodative vergence (½ÕµJ©Ê»E¦X)
²
Fusional vergence (¿Ä¹³©Ê»E¦X/µo´²)
²
Proximal vergence (ªñ·Pª¾»E¦X)
²
Tonic vergence (¦Ù±i¤O»E¦X/µo´²)
¦V¤º»E¦XªÖ©w¬O¨â²´¤ºª½¦Ù¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¡F
¦V¥~µo´²«h¥i¯à¬O¨â²´¥~ª½¦Ù¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¨â²´»E¦X«á¨â²´¤ºª½¦Ù©ñÃPªºªí²{¡A³o¬O«á¸Ü¡A®e«á¦Aªí¡C
Accommodative
vergence (½ÕµJ©Ê»E¦X)
¾B¦í¤@²´¥HªýÂ_¿Ä¹³©Ê¿ç¿ê¡A¥t¤@²´³z¹L-10D§V¤O½ÕµJ¥h¬Ý²M·¡¡A¾B¦íªº¤@²´©úÅã¦V¤º»E¦X(¨£¹Ï)¡C³o´N¬O½ÕµJ©Ê»E¦X¡C
¦V¤º»E¦XªÖ©w¬O¨â²´ªº¤ºª½¦Ù¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¡A¬O¨â²´ªº²Ä3¸£¯«¸gªº¤ºª½¦Ù¦¸¯«¸g®Ö¦P¨B©ñ¹qªºµ²ªG¡C
¨â²´ªº²Ä3¸£¯«¸gªº¤ºª½¦Ù¦¸¯«¸g®Ö¬°¤°»ò¦P¨B©ñ¹q©O¡H¥²©w¬O¦³®Ö¤W¤º»E¤¤¤ß(supranuclear
convergence center)µ¹¤Uªº«ü¥O¡C
¬O«ç¼Ëªº¯«¸g¸ô®|Åý½ÕµJªºªº®ÉÔ¡A®Ö¤W¤º»E¤¤¤ß¦P®É©ñ¹q©O¡H
Fusional
vergence (¿Ä¹³©Ê»E¦X/µo´²)
±N°ò©³¦V¥~ªº¶¥±èª¬¸WÃè´Î(prism
bar with base-out)¸m©ó¤@²´¤§«e¡A¥Ñ¤p¦Ó¤jº¥º¥¼W¥[¸WÃ誺«×¼Æ¡A¨â²´ºô½¤¤Wªº¼v¹³²£¥Í¤F¹³®t(disparity)¡A¨â²´©ó¬O¤º»E¥h©è¾P¹³®t¡A±N¼v¹³©Ô¦^¨â²´¬Û¹ïÀ³ªº¦ì¸m(corresponding
area)¡A³o´N¬O¿Ä¹³(fusion)ªº¾÷¨î(¨£¹Ï)¡C
¿Ä¹³©Ê»E¦X¤]¬O¨â²´ªº¤ºª½¦Ù¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¡A¬O¨â²´ªº²Ä3¸£¯«¸gªº¤ºª½¦Ù¦¸¯«¸g®Ö¦P¨B©ñ¹q¡A¦ý¬O©M½ÕµJ©Ê»E¦Xªº¯«¸g¸ô®|ÅãµM¤£¦P¡A®Ö¤W¤º»E¤¤¤ß(supranuclear
fusional convergence center)À³¸Ó¤]¦ì¦b¤j¸£¤£¦Pªº¦ì¸m¡C
°ò©³¦V¥~ªº¸WÃè(base-out
prism)¤Þµo¿Ä¹³©Ê¤º»E(fusional convergence)¡A°ò©³¦V¤ºªº¸WÃè(base-in prism)«h¤Þµo¿Ä¹³©Êµo´²(fusional
divergence)¡C¿Ä¹³©Ê»E¦X¬O¨â²´ªº¤ºª½¦Ù¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¡A¨º»ò¿Ä¹³©Êµo´²¬O¨â²´ªº¥~ª½¦Ù¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¶Ü¡H
¦³¿Ä¹³©Êµo´²³o¦^¨Æ±¡¶Ü¡H¨â²´ªº¥~ª½¦Ù·|¦P¨B¦¬ÁY¶Ü¡H
Dr.
Arthur Jampolsky¦³¤@½g¤å³¹¡¥Is divergence active?¡¦´N°Q½×³o¥ó¨Æ±¡¡C
Tamler E, Jampolsky A. Is divergence
active? An electromyographic study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967 Mar;63(3):452-9.
Electromyographically, active divergence is defined
here as the simultaneous increase in electrical activity of both lateral rectus
muscles as the eyes perform a fusional divergent movement or maintain fusion
beyond the fusion-free position as base-in prisms are added.
The existence of active divergence is best demonstrated
by simultaneously recording both eyes of an intermittent esotrope making a
fusional divergence movement and of a subject maintaining fusion beyond the
fusion-free position as base-in prism is added. In such cases, one can record
increased activity of both lateral rectus muscles.
Multiple-channel simultaneous recordings of all four
horizontal rectus muscles suggest the general rule that horizontal fusional
movements of an eye are accompanied by increased activity or co-contraction of
the horizontal rectus muscles of the stationary eye, whereas, a break of fusion
is associated with a simultaneous decrease in activity of the horizontal rectus
muscles of the fixing stationary eye.
¦³§ÓÄ@ªÌ¦b¨â²´¥~ª½¦Ù±µ¤W¦Ù¹q¹Ï(Electromyography,
EMG)ªº¹q·¥ ¡V ³o¬O«Ü°¶¤jªº¬°¬ì¾Ç§@ªºÄ묹©^Äm¡A«Ü¦h¬ì¾Ç®a¬O¤£Ä@·N¦Û¤v§@¬°¨ü¸ÕªÌªº¡C¦pªG°O¿ý¨ì¨â²´ªº¥~ª½¦Ù¦P®É©ñ¹q¡Aªí¥Ü¨â²´µo´²¬O¤@ºØ¥D°Êªº(active)¹Lµ{¡A¦Ó«D³Q°Ê¦a(passively)¥Ñ¤º»Eªº²´¦ì©ñÃP¤ºª½¦Ù¦Ó¨Ó¡C¤]·t¥ÜµÛ¨â°¼¸£·Fªº¥~®i¯«¸g®Ö¤§¤W¦³®Ö¤Wµo´²¤¤¤ß(supranuclear
divergence center)ªº¦s¦b¡C
Dr.
Jampolsky¤å³¹ªºµ²½×¬O(1)¶¡·²©Ê¤º±×µø(intermittent esotropia)ªº¤H¡A¨â²´¥Ñ¤º±×²´¦ì¿Ä¹³¦¨¬°¥¿²´¦ìªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A©ÎªÌ(2)¦b²´«e©ñ¸m°ò©³¦V¤ºªº¸WÃèÅý¨â²´§@¿Ä¹³©Êµo´²ªº®ÉÔ¡A¦Ù¹q¹Ï°O¿ý¨ì¨â²´¥~ª½¦Ù¦P®É©ñ¹q¡C·N¨ýµÛ¿Ä¹³©Êµo´²¬O¤@Ó¥D°Êªº°Ê§@¡A¤]´N¬O¦b¤j¸£ªº¬YÓ¦a¤è¦s¦bµÛ®Ö¤W¨â²´µo´²¤¤¤ß¡C¦Ü©ó½T¹ê¦ì¸m¦ó¦b¡A¥Ø«e©|¥¼´¦¾å¡C
Proximal
vergence (ªñ·Pª¾»E¦X)
¬Ýªñ³Bªº®ÉÔ¡A²´·ú¦³¤TӰʧ@(Near
triad)¡G(1)½ÕµJ(accommodation)¡A(2)¨â²´¤º»E(convergence)©M(3)ÁYÀû(miosis)¡C
¦³¨Ç¤H¦b¯U¹iªºªÅ¶¡¡AÁöµM¬Ý»·³B¡A«o·|¦]¬°¹ïªÅ¶¡ªº·Pª¾¡A¤£¦Ûı¦a½ÕµJ(proximal
accommodation)©Î¨â²´»E¦X(proximal convergence)¡C
¦Ü©óproximal
convergence«h·|¼vÅT¶¡·²©Ê¥~±×µø±×µø¨¤«×ªº´ú¶q¡C
¶¡·²©Ê¥~±×µø»·¬Ý¡Bªñ¬Ý¨¤«×¤@¼Ëªº¬Obasic
type¡F»·¬Ý¨¤«×¤ñ¸û¤jªº¬Odivergence
excess©Îhigh
AC/A¡Fªñ¬Ý¨¤«×¤ñ¸û¤jªº¬Oconvergence
insufficiency©Îlow AC/A¡C
¦pªG¾B»\¤@²´¥b¤p®É¡B¤@¤p®É¡Aµ²ªG¥i¯à¥Ñ³o¤TÃþ«¬¤¤ªº¤@«¬Åܦ¨¥t¥~¤@«¬¡C
Dr. Burton
Kushner 1998¡A1999¦bArchive Ophthalmology¤Wµoªí5½gÃö©ó¶¡·²©Ê¥~±×µøªº¤å³¹¡C
(ÂIÀ»¤å³¹¦WºÙ¥i¥H³sµ²¦Ü¤å³¹ºKn)
Kushner BJ. The distance angle to
target in surgery for intermittent exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Feb;116(2):189-94.
Kushner BJ. Selective surgery for intermittent
exotropia based on distance/near differences. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Mar;116(3):324-8.
Erratum in: Arch Ophthalmol 1998 Jun;116(6):834.
Kushner BJ, Morton GV. Distance/near differences
in intermittent exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Apr;116(4):478-86.
Kushner BJ. Diagnosis and treatment
of exotropia with a high accommodation convergence-accommodation ratio.
Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Feb;117(2):221-4.
Kushner BJ. Does overcorrecting minus
lens therapy for intermittent exotropia cause myopia? Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 May;117(5):638-42.
¥L»{¬°»·¬Ý¡Bªñ¬Ý±×µø¨¤«×ªº®t§O¨Ó¦Û©óproximal convergence (ªñ·Pª¾»E¦X)¡A¦ý¬O«o·s³Ð¤F¤@Ó¿ù»~ªºµü·J¡¥Proximal fusion¡¦¡C
Tonic
vergence (¦Ù±i¤O»E¦X/µo´²)
¥þ¨³Â¾K¤U§@±×µø¤â³N¡A±`·|µo²{³Â¾K¤Uªº±×µø¨¤«×©M¦bªù¶E¨S¦³³Â¾K®É´ú¶qªº¨¤«×®t§O«Ü¦h¡C
±Ð¬ì®Ñ¤W±j½Õ¹J¨ì³oºØ±¡§Î¡A§O¦]¦¹§ïÅÜ¡B½Õ¾ã§Aªº²´¥~¦Ù«á±p¡BºIµuªº¤â³N¶q¡C
¥þ¨³Â¾K¨Ï¥Î¤F¦Ù¦×µÎ½w¾¯(muscle
relaxant)¡A§ïÅܤFtonic vergence¡C«Ý³Â¾K°h¥h¡Atonic vergence¤S
«ì´_¹L¨Ó¡C
¤â³N¶qn¨Ì¾Ú¿ôµÛªº®ÉÔ¡A¦³tonic vergenceªº±¡ªp¤Uªº¨¤«×¥hpºâ¡C§O³Q³Â¾K¤U«Ü¤£¤@¼Ëªº±×µø¨¤«×À~¨ì¤F¡C