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Äá¼vÅç¥úªk Photorefraction
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Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº^¤å¬Ophotorefraction¡Cphoto«üªº¬O¬Û¤ù¡Aì·N¬O¥Î¬Û¤ù°O¿ýÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡A¥ÑÀû¤Õªº¤Ï¥úŪ¥X²´²yªº©}¥úÈ¡A¥Ñ^¤åª½Ä¶¬O¡u¬Û¤ùÅç¥úªk¡v¡C¥Ø«e¦³³\¦h¨Ï¥Î¦P¼Ë¥ú¾Çì²zªº³]p¡A¦ý¬O¤£¥Î¬Û¤ù¡A¦Ó¬O¥Î¿ý¼v¡A¥Î¹q¸£¡A¦]¦¹²ÎĶ¬°¡uÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¡v»á¬°¾A·í¡C
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1.1 Äá¼vÅç¥ú»öªºµo®i¥v
1970¦~¥N°_¡AHowland©MKaakinen¥ý«áµo®i¤F¦P¶b (coaxial) ©MÂ÷¶b (off-axis)ªºÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¡C¥ú·½©MÃèÀY¦P¶bªº¨âºØ¤è¦¡¬O(1)¥¿¥æÄá¼vÅç¥ú (Orthogonal photorefraction, 1974) ©M(2)¦U¦V¦P©ÊÄá¼vÅç¥ú (Isotropic photorefraction, 1979)¡CKaakinen 1979µo®i¥XÂ÷¶bÄá¼vÅç¥ú (Eccentric
photorefraction or Knife edge photorefraction) (¹Ï4-1)¡A±N¬Û¾÷ªº°{¥ú¿O²¾¨ì±µªñÃèÀY¤¤¥¡¡A±q¬Û¤ù¤W¬õ²´¤Ï¥úªº¤j¤p¥h¤ÀªR¡B§PŪ¨ü´úªÌªº©}¥úÈ¡C¥Ø«e¥«°âªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö (photorefractor)³£±Ä¥ÎÂ÷¶bÄá¼vÅç¥úªº¥ú¾Çì²z¡C
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1.2 Äá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¥«ªp
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2.1 Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç¤½¦¡
Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç¤½¦¡¬O±d¤Dº¸¤j¾ÇHoward C. Howland (¹Ï4-4)º¥ý´£¥X¡A1999¦~§Ú¦b¤£ª¾±¡ªº±¡ªp¤U¤]¦Û¦æ¾É¥X¦P¼Ëªº¤½¦¡¡C
¹Ï4-4 Dr. Howard C. Howland
°ò¥»ªº¥ú¾Ç¤½¦¡¬O d = DF x Pu x L x RR
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* Pu¡GÀû¤Õª½®|
* L¡G´ú¸Õ¶ZÂ÷
* RR (Relative refraction)¡G¬Û¹ï©}¥ú¡C¨Ò¦p¦b1¤½¤Ø¶ZÂ÷§@´ú¸Õ¡A«h¥H -1D¬°°ò·ÇÂI¡C- 4DªºRR¬O -3D¡B¥¿µø²´ªºRR¬O +1D¡B+3DªºRR¬O + 4 Dµ¥µ¥¡C
¹Ï4-5 ·t°Ï¡B«G°Ï»PÀû¤Õªº¤ñ¨Ò¡C¥»¨Ò¹Ï¥Ü«G°Ï/Àû¤Õ=1/4¡A·t°Ï/Àû¤Õ=3/4¡C
±×¦V´²¥úªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú (Crescent)¤]¬O¶É±×ªº (¹Ï4-6)¡C¸Õ¹Ïª½±µ±q±×¦V¤Ï¥úªº§Îª¬¡B¨¤«×¥hpºâ©}¥úªº¤½¦¡½Ð°Ñ¦ÒWesemann W, Norcia AM, Allen D.
Theory of eccentric photorefraction (photoretinoscopy): astigmatic eyes. J Opt
Soc Am A. Dec;8(12):2038-47, 1991.
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«ØijŪª«¤Î°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
1. Howland HC, Howland B. Photorefraction: a
technique for study of refractive state at a distance. J Opt Soc Am 1974;64:240-9.
2. Howland HC, Braddick O, Atkinson J, Howland
B. Optics of photorefraction: orthogonal and isotropic methods. J Opt Soc Am 1983;73:1701-8.
3. Howland HC. Photorefraction
of eyes: history and future prospects. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86(6):603-6.
4. Howland HC, Sayles N,
Cacciotti C, Howland M. Simple pointspread retinoscope suitable for vision
screening. Am
J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64(2):114-22.
5. Kaakinen K. A simple method for screening of
children with strabismus, anisometropia or ametropia by simultaneous
photography of the corneal and fundus reflexes. Acta Ophthalmol 1979;57:161-71.
6. Kaakinen K. Photographic screening for
strabismus and high refractive errors of children aged 1¡V4 years. Acta Ophthalmol
(Copenh) 1981;59:38¡V44.
7. Wang AH. Photorefraction and retinoscopy with
direct ophthalmoscope and laser pointer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999:30(4):56.
8. Wang AH. Handheld photorefractor. 18th
Congress of the
9. Wesemann W, Norcia AM, Allen D. Theory of
eccentric photorefraction (photoretinoscopy): astigmatic eyes. J Opt Soc Am
(A) 1991;8:2038¡V47.
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Dr. Arthur Jampolsky
Dr. Alan Scott
Dr. Anthony Norcia
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