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Äá¼vÅç¥úªk  Photorefraction

 

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Äá¼vÅç¥úªk¬O¥Î¬Û¤ù°O¿ýÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡A¥Ñ¬Û¤ù¤W¬õ²´¤Ï¥úªº¤j¤p¥h¤ÀªR¡B§PŪ¨ü´úªÌªº©}¥ú­È¡C¥Ø«e¦³³\¦h³]­p¡A¨Ï¥Î¦P¼Ëªº¥ú¾Ç­ì²z¡A¤£¥Î¬Û¤ù¦Ó¬O¥Î¿ý¼v¡B¥Î¹q¸£¡A¦]¦¹²ÎĶ¬°¡uÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¡v¡C¥Ø«e¥«°âªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö(photorefractor)³£±Ä¥ÎÂ÷¶bÄá¼vÅç¥úªº¥ú¾Ç­ì²z¡C

 

 

Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº­^¤å¬Ophotorefraction¡Cphoto«üªº¬O¬Û¤ù¡A­ì·N¬O¥Î¬Û¤ù°O¿ýÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡A¥ÑÀû¤Õªº¤Ï¥úŪ¥X²´²yªº©}¥ú­È¡A¥Ñ­^¤åª½Ä¶¬O¡u¬Û¤ùÅç¥úªk¡v¡C¥Ø«e¦³³\¦h¨Ï¥Î¦P¼Ë¥ú¾Ç­ì²zªº³]­p¡A¦ý¬O¤£¥Î¬Û¤ù¡A¦Ó¬O¥Î¿ý¼v¡A¥Î¹q¸£¡A¦]¦¹²ÎĶ¬°¡uÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¡v»á¬°¾A·í¡C

 

Äá¼vÅç¥úªk¬O¦b¤@¬q¶ZÂ÷ (50~100+cm)¤§¥~Åç¥ú, ¤×¨ä¾A¦XÀ¦¥®¨àªºÅç¥ú¡C¦b¤@¬q¶ZÂ÷¤§¥~Åç¥ú¤@ª½¬O¤p¨à²´¬ìÂå®vªº¹Ú·Q¡C¤@¯ëªºÅç¥ú¾÷©Î¤â«ù¦¡Åç¥ú¾÷ (¨Ò¦pNikon Retinomax)¡B§Y«K¬Oºô½¤ÃèÀ˼vªk¤]±o¨Ï¥Î¤¤©MÃè¤ù¡A³£­n«D±`ªº¾aªñ¨ü´ú¸ÕªÌ¡C¤Óªñªº´ú¸Õ¶ZÂ÷À¦¥®¨à³q±`·|®`©È·|­ú¡A¦P®É¤]µLªkª`µøÅç¥ú¾÷¬}¸Ìªºµø¼Ð¡C

 

²Ä1 ¸`  Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªºµo®i

1.1 Äá¼vÅç¥ú»öªºµo®i¥v

1970¦~¥N°_¡AHowland©MKaakinen¥ý«áµo®i¤F¦P¶b (coaxial) ©MÂ÷¶b (off-axis)ªºÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¡C¥ú·½©MÃèÀY¦P¶bªº¨âºØ¤è¦¡¬O(1)¥¿¥æÄá¼vÅç¥ú (Orthogonal photorefraction, 1974) ©M(2)¦U¦V¦P©ÊÄá¼vÅç¥ú (Isotropic photorefraction, 1979)¡CKaakinen 1979µo®i¥XÂ÷¶bÄá¼vÅç¥ú (Eccentric photorefraction or Knife edge photorefraction) (¹Ï4-1)¡A±N¬Û¾÷ªº°{¥ú¿O²¾¨ì±µªñÃèÀY¤¤¥¡¡A±q¬Û¤ù¤W¬õ²´¤Ï¥úªº¤j¤p¥h¤ÀªR¡B§PŪ¨ü´úªÌªº©}¥ú­È¡C¥Ø«e¥«°âªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö (photorefractor)³£±Ä¥ÎÂ÷¶bÄá¼vÅç¥úªº¥ú¾Ç­ì²z¡C

 

¹Ï4-1 ¥¿¥æÄá¼vÅç¥ú¡B¦U¦V¦P©ÊÄá¼vÅç¥ú©MÂ÷¶bÄá¼vÅç¥ú

 

1.2 Äá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¥«ªp

¥«°âÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¦³Plusoptix S12 («e¨­¬°PowerRefractor)¡AWelch Allyn¤½¥qªºSPOT («e¨­¬°Suresight)¡A2Win¡AiSreen¡CGobiquity GoCheckKids«h¸Õ¹Ï¨Ï¥ÎiPhone¨Ó§@Äá¼vÅç¥úªk¡C¦­´ÁªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö«h¦³MTI¡AViVA¡ATopcon¤½¥qªºPR-1000¡APR-2000µ¥µ¥¡C³o¨Ç»ö¾¹¤j³£´Â¦VÅç¥ú¾÷ªº¤è¦V³]­p¡A¦ý¬O´ú¶qªº·Ç½T«×¤ñ¶Ç²ÎªºÅç¥ú¾÷®t«Ü¦h¡A¤£¾A¦X§@ºë½TªºÅç¥ú°tÃè¡A¦Ó¬O¥Î©ó²´¬ì©Î¤p¨à¬ìªù¶Eªºªì¿z©ÎªÌ¥®¨à¶é¡B¦«¨à©Òªºµø¤O¿zÀË¡C¤]¦³¤H´£Ä³¦b¤H¼é¼ö°Ï³]¸mÄá¼vÅç¥ú«F (booth)¡A¦n¹³§Ö©ç¬Û¤ù«F¤@¼Ë¡A¹q¸£¦Û°Ê§PŪ¡A©Ý¼sµø¤O¿zÀ˪º½d³ò»P¼h­±¡C

 

¦bºô¸ô¤W¡AÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¸ê®Æ¤ñ¸û¸Ô²Óªººô§}¬OABCD (Alaske Blind Children Discovery http://abcd-vision.org/ ¤§¤UªºVision Sceening¡A¦A¤§¤UªºPhotoscreening http://abcd-vision.org/vision-screening/photoscreening.html¡C

 

²Ä2¸`  Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç

Äá¼vÅç¥ú»öªºÂú§Î¬O±N©ç¥ß±o¬Û¾÷ªº°{¥ú¿O©î¤U¡A²¾¸m¨ì«D±`¾aªñÃèÀY¤¤¥¡ªº¦ì¸m (¹Ï4-2)¡A¥ÑÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú(Crescent)ªº¤j¤p¨Ó§PŪ«×¼Æ¡C

 

¹Ï4-2 ©ç¥ß±o¬Û¾÷§ï¸Ë°{¥ú¿O¦Ó¦¨ªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»öªºÂú§Î

 

§C«×¼Æ©}¥ú¤£¥¿¨S¦³Àû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡A°ª«×ªñµøªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¦b°{¥ú¿Oªº¦P°¼¡A¦Ó°ª«×»·µøªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¦b°{¥ú¿Oªº¥t°¼ (¹Ï4-3)¡C¦b§C«×¼Æ©}¥ú¤£¥¿¡A¨Ò¦p»·µø+2D©M+3D¡A¤Ï¥úªº¤j¤p®t²§«Ü¤j¡A¹ï©}¥úªºÅ²§O«×¨Î¡F¦Ó¦b°ª«×¼Æ©}¥ú¤£¥¿¡A¨Ò¦p»·µø+7D©M+8D¡A¤Ï¥ú¤j¤pªº®t²§´N«Ü¦³­­¡A©}¥úªºÅ²§O«×´N¤£¦n¤F¡C

 

¹Ï4-3¾î¶b¬°©}¥ú­È¡AÁa¶b¬°¤Ï¥ú¤j¤p¡Cªñµø¡B»·µøªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¦b¬Û¤Ï°¼¡C

¹Ï§Îªº¹ïºÙ¤¤ÂI¬O´ú¸Õ¶ZÂ÷ªºµJ«×(vergence)¡C

 

2.1 Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç¤½¦¡

Äá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç¤½¦¡¬O±d¤Dº¸¤j¾ÇHoward C. Howland (¹Ï4-4)­º¥ý´£¥X¡A1999¦~§Ú¦b¤£ª¾±¡ªº±¡ªp¤U¤]¦Û¦æ¾É¥X¦P¼Ëªº¤½¦¡¡C

 

¹Ï4-4 Dr. Howard C. Howland

 

°ò¥»ªº¥ú¾Ç¤½¦¡¬O d = DF x Pu x L x RR

* d¡Gµø½u¡B¥ú½uªº¶ZÂ÷(©ÎªÌ¬O°{¥ú¿OÃä½t©MÃèÀY¤¤¤ßªº¶ZÂ÷)

* DF (Dark Fraction)¡G·t°Ï¤ñ¨Ò (=1¡VCrescent) (1-«G°Ï¤ñ¨Ò) (¹Ï4-5)¡A

¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¸Ì¡A·t°Ï=3/4¡A«G°Ï=1/4)

* Pu¡GÀû¤Õª½®|

* L¡G´ú¸Õ¶ZÂ÷

* RR (Relative refraction)¡G¬Û¹ï©}¥ú¡C¨Ò¦p¦b1¤½¤Ø¶ZÂ÷§@´ú¸Õ¡A«h¥H -1D¬°°ò·ÇÂI¡C- 4DªºRR¬O -3D¡B¥¿µø²´ªºRR¬O +1D¡B+3DªºRR¬O + 4 Dµ¥µ¥¡C

 

¹Ï4-5 ·t°Ï¡B«G°Ï»PÀû¤Õªº¤ñ¨Ò¡C¥»¨Ò¹Ï¥Ü«G°Ï/Àû¤Õ=1/4¡A·t°Ï/Àû¤Õ=3/4¡C

 

±×¦V´²¥úªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú (Crescent)¤]¬O¶É±×ªº (¹Ï4-6)¡C¸Õ¹Ïª½±µ±q±×¦V¤Ï¥úªº§Îª¬¡B¨¤«×¥h­pºâ©}¥úªº¤½¦¡½Ð°Ñ¦ÒWesemann W, Norcia AM, Allen D. Theory of eccentric photorefraction (photoretinoscopy): astigmatic eyes. J Opt Soc Am A. Dec;8(12):2038-47, 1991.

 

¹Ï4-6 ±×¦V´²¥úªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¤]¬O¶É±×ªº

 

2.2 PowerRefractor

PowerRefractor¥Ñ¤T­Ó¤è¦Vªº¥ú·½¡AŪ¨ú¤T­Ó¤è¦Vªº¼Æ¾Ú¥h§@Äá¼vÅç¥úªk (¹Ï4-7)¡C³o¤T­Ó¤è¦V¤§¤¤¦Ü¤Ö¦³¨â­Ó¤è¦VªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¬O¶É±×ªº¤Ï¥ú¡A¤]¥²©w¬O§Q¥Î¸Ó½g½×¤åªº­pºâ¤è¦¡¥h¨D¨ú©}¥ú­È¡C¤@¯ëªº©}¥ú­È¥]§t¦³²yÃè«×¼Æ¡B¬WÃè«×¼Æ©M¬WÃ訤«×¤T­ÓÅܼơAPowerRefractor´ú¶q¤T­Ó¤è¦Vªº¼Æ­È¥hÂà´«¬°©}¥ú­Èªº¤T­ÓÅܼơA¤]ºâ¬Oº¡¦X²zªº¡C

 

¹Ï4-7  PowerRefractor´ú¶q¤T­Ó¤è¦Vªº¼Æ¾Ú¥h­pºâ²´²y©}¥ú­Èªº¤TÅܼơG

(1)²yÃè«×¼Æ¡B(2)¬WÃè«×¼Æ¡B(3)¬WÃ訤«×¡C

 

2.3 ª½±µ²´©³Ã誺¥ú¾Çµ²ºc

ª½±µ²´©³Ã誺¥ú¾Çµ²ºc§¹¥þ²Å¦XÄá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç­ì²z¡A¬°¤F¯à°÷¸g¥Ñ·¥¤pªºÀû¤Õ¥hÀˬd²´©³¡A¥¦ªº¥ú·½©Mµø½u³]­p¦¨«D±`ªº¾aªñ (¹Ï4-8)¡A´X¥G¬O¦P¶bªº¡C

 

¹Ï4-8 ª½±µ²´©³Ã誺¥ú¾Çµ²ºc§¹¥þ²Å¦XÄá¼vÅç¥úªkªº¥ú¾Ç­ì²z

 

±q50~100mªº¶ZÂ÷¡A¥Ñª½±µ²´©³Ã誺µø¤Õ¬Ý¯f¤HªºÀû¤Õ¬õ¤Ï¥ú (¦p¦P±×µøÀˬdªºHirschberg´ú¸Õ)¡A§C«×¼Æªº©}¥ú¤£¥¿¸¨¦bÄá¼vÅç¥úªkªºµL¤Ï¥ú°Ï¡A¨S¦³Àû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡AÀû¤Õ¬O·tªº¡C¦pªG¬Ý¨ìÀû¤Õ¤W¤è¦³¤Ï¥ú (Crescent)¡A¥i§Pª¾¬O°ª«×»·µø²´¡F¦pªG¬Ý¨ìÀû¤Õ¤U¤è¦³¤Ï¥ú¡A¥i§Pª¾¬O°ª«×ªñµø²´ (¹Ï4-9)¡C³o¦b¤p¨à²´¬ìªºÀˬd«D±`¦³¥Î¡A¤£¥Î¦b²´«e©ñ¸m¤¤©MÃè¤ù¡A´N¥i¥Hªì¨Bª¾¹D¤j­Pªº©}¥úª¬ºA¡C

 

¹Ï 4-9 ¥Ñª½±µ²´©³Ã誺µø¤Õ¬ÝÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡AÀû¤Õ¤U¤è¦³¤Ï¥ú ¥i§Pª¾¬O°ª«×

ªñµø²´¡AÀû¤Õ¤W¤è¦³¤Ï¥ú¬O°ª«×»·µø²´¡C

 

2.4 Brückner¤Ï¥úÀˬd

Àû¤ÕªºBrückner¤Ï¥úÀˬdªº¥ú¾Ç­ì²z¤]¦p¦PÄá¼vÅç¥úªk¤@¼Ë¡C¦b¤@¬q¶ZÂ÷¡B¥Ñª½±µ²´©³Ã誺µø¤Õ¦P®É¬Ý¨â²´ªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡AÀû¤Õ·tªº¤@²´¬Oª`µø²´¡A¨Ã¥B¬O§C«×¼Æ©}¥ú¤£¥¿¡FÀû¤Õ«Gªº¤@²´¬O±×µø²´¡A¦]¬°¬O¥Ñ±×ªº¤è¦VÆ[¹î³o­Ó²´·ú¡A¥ú¾Ç¤W¬O°ª«×»·µø¡A©ó¬OÀû¤Õ¦³¤Ï¥ú¡A¬O«GªºÀû¤Õ (¹Ï4-10)¡C

 

¹Ï4-10  BrücknerÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥úÀˬd¡CÀû¤Õ«Gªº¤@²´¬O±×µø²´¡C

 

2.5 ¤@¯ëÄá¼vªº¬õ²´°ÝÃD

¤@¯ëªº¬Û¾÷©ç¤H¹³ªº®É­Ô¡A¤£§Æ±æ©ç¨ìÀû¤Õµo«G¡A©ó¬O°{¥ú¿Oªº¦ì¸m¾¨¶q¤£­n¤Ó¾aªñÃèÀY¥H§K²£¥Í¬õ²´¡C¦ý¬OÄá¼vÅç¥úªk´N¬O­n§Q¥Î³o­Ó¤Ï¥ú¥h§PŪ²´²yªº©}¥úª¬ºA¡A¦]¦¹¯S¦a±N¥ú½u©Mµø½u¾a±o«Üªñ¡A¦p¦Pª½±µ²´©³Ã誺ºc³y¨º¼Ë¡C

 

2.6 ¥Hª½±µ²´©³Ã誺¥ú·½§@¬°¶¡±µ²´©³ÃèÀˬdªº¥ú·½¨Ï¥Î

¶¡±µ²´©³Ãè¥ú¾Ç­ì²z¤]¬O¤@¼Ë¡A¥ú½u©Mµø½u¾¨¶q¾aªñ¤~¬Ý±o¨ì²´©³¡A¥ú½uÂ÷µø½u¤Ó»·´N¬Ý¤£¨ì²´©³¤F¡Cª½±µ²´©³Ã誺ÂI¥ú·½¡A¥i¥H§@¬°¶¡±µ²´©³ÃèÀˬdªº¥ú·½¨Ï¥Î¡A¦]¬°¦³½Õ¥ú¾¹¥i½Õ¾ã«G«×¡A¯S§O¾A¦X¤p¨à²´¬ìªº²´©³Àˬd (¹Ï4-11)¡C±q²´©³Ã誺µø¤Õ¬Ý¥X¥h¡A¶¡±µ²´©³ÃèÀˬd©Ò¥Îªº¥Y³zÃè·|¤Ï¥ú¡A¦]¦¹³q±`³£¬O¥Ñµø¤Õ¤§¥~ªº¦ì¸m¥hÆ[¹î¡C¦pªG¥ú·½©Mµø½uªº¶ZÂ÷ (d) ¤Ó¤j¡A¥Ñ¤½¦¡¥iª¾¡A¦b§C«×¼Æ©}¥ú¤£¥¿ªº·t°Ï·|«Ü¼e¡A¤£§Q¶¡±µ²´©³ÃèÀˬd²´©³¡C±Nª½±µ²´©³Ãèµø¤Õ¤W½tªºÃä®Ø¾¨¶q°µ¤p¡A¥ú¾Ç¤W´N¥i¥H§ó²Å¦X¶¡±µ²´©³ÃèÀˬdªº¥ú·½­n¨D¡C

 

¹Ï 4-11 ¥Hª½±µ²´©³Ã誺¥ú·½§@¬°¶¡±µ²´©³ÃèÀˬdªº¥ú·½¨Ï¥Î

 

²Ä3 ¸`  ¤â«ù«¬Äá¼vÅç¥ú»ö

d = DF x Pu x L x RR¤½¦¡¸Ì¡ADF(·t°Ï)©MRR¦ì¦bµ¥¸¹ªº¦P°¼¡A¤GªÌ¬OÂù¦±½uªºÃö«Y (¹Ï4-12)¡C¦Ü©ó¤Ï¥úªº«G°ÏCrescentµ¥©ó1- DF¡A©ó¬O«G°Ï©M©}¥úªºÃö«Y«K¦p¤U¹Ï©Ò¥Ü¡C¦­´ÁªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»öMTI¨Ì¤Ï¥ú«G°Ïªº¤j¤p¥h§PŪ«×¼Æ¡A¥ÑCrescent©M©}¥úªºÃö«Y¹Ï¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥i¥Hª¾¹D¦b§C«×¼Æ©}¥ú½d³ò¡A¥HCrescentªº¤j¤p¥h§PŪ©}¥úªº¸ÑªR«×¸û¨Î¡F¦b°ª«×¼Æ©}¥ú½d³ò¡A¸ÑªR«×´N«Ü®t¡C

 

¹Ï4-12  DF(·t°Ï)©MRR(©}¥ú)¦ì¦bµ¥¸¹ªº¦P°¼¡A¤GªÌ¬OÂù¦±½uªºÃö«Y¡C

«G°Ï(=1-·t°Ï)©MRR(©}¥ú)ªº¦±½u¬O¹Ï2-30ªº¼Æ¾Ç­pºâ¡C

 

d = DF x Pu x L x RR¤½¦¡¸Ì¡Ad©MRR¬O¦ì¦bµ¥¸¹ªº¨â°¼¡A¨âªÌ¬O½u©ÊÃö«Y¡CµL½×¦b¥ô¦ó©}¥ú½d³ò¡A¥Hd§PŪ©}¥ú³£¦³¦P¼Ë¦nªº¸ÑªR«×¡CHoward¨Ì¦¹·§©À¦b¤â¹qµ©«e­±©ñ¸m¤@¤ù¶¥±è¼Ëªº¯ÈªO (¹Ï4-13)¡A±q¶¥±èªºÃä½tÆ[´úÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¡A¶¶µÛ¶¥±èªº¼Æ¦r³v®æ¦V¤W¡Aµø½u¡B¥ú½uªº¶ZÂ÷º¥º¥©Ô»·¡A¤Ï¥úCrescent¶V¨Ó¶V¤p¡A¨ì¹F¶¥±èªº¬Y¤@®æ®É¤Ï¥ú®ø¥¢¡A³o®ÉCrescent=0¡ADF=1¡A¨Ì¾Ú¤½¦¡¡ARR = d / Pu / L¡A¦pªGª¾¹DÀû¤Õ¤j¤p(Pu)©M´ú¸Õ¶ZÂ÷(L)¡A´N¥i¥H¥Ñdºë·Ç¦aºâ¥X©}¥ú­È(RR)¤F¡C

 

¹Ï4-13 ¤â¹qµ©«e­±©ñ¸m¤@¤ù¶¥±è¼Ëªº¯ÈªO¡Aµø½u¡B¥ú½uªº¶ZÂ÷º¥º¥©Ô»·¡A¤Ï¥úCrescent¶V¨Ó¶V¤p¡C

¤Ï¥ú®ø¥¢³B¡ACrescent=0¡ADF=1¡A¨Ì¾Ú¤½¦¡¡ARR = d / Pu / L¡C

 

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¤§«e´¿¸g±N³o­Ó·§©À½Ð¤Ñ¬z¥ú¾Ç¼t¶}¼Ò»s§@¡A¤]©M¥x¤jÂå°|Âå¤u«Ç¦X§@¡A§ï³yHeineªº²´©³Ãè¡A»s§@¹Lªì¨Bªº¦¨«~ (¹Ï4-14)¡C´ú¸ÕªÌ¤W¤U±À°Ê±À±ì¡A½ÕÅܵø½u¡B¥ú½uªº¶ZÂ÷¡A¥Ñµø¤ÕÆ[¹îÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥úªº¤j¤p¡A ¤Ï¥ú¥Ñ¤jº¥¤p¡A¥H¤Ï¥ú®ø¥¢ÂI (DF=100%=1)§@¬°§PŪªº¨Ì¾Ú¡AŪ¥X©}¥ú­È¡C

 

¹Ï4-14 a¤Ñ¬z¥ú¾Ç¼t»s§@¤â«ù«¬Äá¼vÅç¥ú»öÂú«¬

 

¹Ï4-14 b¥x¤jÂå°|Âå¤u«Ç»s§@¤â«ù«¬Äá¼vÅç¥ú»öÂú«¬

 

¨Ò¦p´²Àû«áÀû¤Õ8mm¡A´ú¸Õ¶ZÂ÷0.5m¡A®M¤J¤½¦¡d = DF x Pu x L x RR¡Ad = 1 x 8 x 0.5 x RR à d = 4mm x RR¡A¤]´N¬O¦b¥ô¦ó©}¥úªº½d³ò¡A©}¥ú1D¦³4mmªº¸ÑªR«×¡A³oÀ³¸Ó¬O«D±`¹ê¥Îªº¤F¡C

 

©M¥«°âªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¤£¦Pªº¬O¡A¥L­Ì´Â¦VÅç¥ú¾÷ªº¤è¦V³]­p¡A¦Ó§Ú­Ì­Òij´Â²´©³Ãè/ºô½¤Ã誺¤è¦V¥h³]­p¡B¥h»s§@¤@¤ä¤â«ù¦¡ªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¡C¾¬±æ¦b²´¬ìªù¶E±`³W³]¸mªºª½±µ²´©³Ãè©Mºô½¤Ã褧¥~¡A¦A²K¤@¤ä¤p¨àÅç¥ú¥Îªº§Q¾¹¡C

 

¦p«e©Ò­z¡AÅç¥ú¾÷«¬¦¡ªºÄá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¬O¥Ñ±×¦VªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¥h­pºâ©}¥ú­È¡A¦Ó§Ú­Ì­Òijªº¤â«ù¦¡Äá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¬O¥Ñ´ú¸ÕªÌ±N¥ú·½½Õ¾ã¦Ü´²¥ú¶bªº¤è¦V (¹Ï4-15)¡A¤§«á¥Ñ¥¿¦VªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú§PŪ©}¥ú­È¡AÃþ¦ü©óºô½¤ÃèÀ˼vªk§PŪ´²¥ú¨¤«×ªº§@ªk¡C§Ú­Ì·Pı¥Ñ¥¿¦VªºÀû¤Õ¤Ï¥ú¥h§PŪ©}¥ú«×¼ÆÀ³¸Ó·|§ó¥[ª½±µ©M·Ç½T¡C

 

¹Ï4-15 ¤â«ù¦¡Äá¼vÅç¥ú»ö¬O¥Ñ´ú¸ÕªÌ±N¥ú·½½Õ¾ã¦Ü´²¥ú¶bªº¤è¦V

 

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«ØijŪª«¤Î°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm

1. Howland HC, Howland B. Photorefraction: a technique for study of refractive state at a distance. J Opt Soc Am 1974;64:240-9.

2. Howland HC, Braddick O, Atkinson J, Howland B. Optics of photorefraction: orthogonal and isotropic methods. J Opt Soc Am 1983;73:1701-8.

3. Howland HC. Photorefraction of eyes: history and future prospects. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86(6):603-6.

4. Howland HC, Sayles N, Cacciotti C, Howland M. Simple pointspread retinoscope suitable for vision screening. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64(2):114-22.

5. Kaakinen K. A simple method for screening of children with strabismus, anisometropia or ametropia by simultaneous photography of the corneal and fundus reflexes. Acta Ophthalmol 1979;57:161-71.

6. Kaakinen K. Photographic screening for strabismus and high refractive errors of children aged 1¡V4 years. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1981;59:38¡V44.

7. Wang AH. Photorefraction and retinoscopy with direct ophthalmoscope and laser pointer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999:30(4):56.

8. Wang AH. Handheld photorefractor. 18th Congress of the Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, March 10-14. 2001, Taipei, Taiwan.

9. Wesemann W, Norcia AM, Allen D. Theory of eccentric photorefraction (photoretinoscopy): astigmatic eyes. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1991;8:2038¡V47.

 

 

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Dr. Alan Scott

Dr. Anthony Norcia

Dr. Eric Sutter

Dr. Christopher Tyler

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