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Multifocal ERG/VEP      M-sequence (Maximal sequence)

 

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§Ú1990®L¨ì1991®L¦bª÷¤sThe Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute (SKERI)¶i­×¤p¨à²´¬ì¤Î±×µø(Fellowship of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus)ªº¤@¦~¸Ì¡A¦³©¯±µÄ²¨ì¨â®M¹q¥Í²zªº³]­p¡A¨ä¤@¬ODr. Erich Sutterªº¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï(Multifocal ERG)¡A¨ä¤G¬ODr. Anthony Norcia©MDr. Christopher Tylerªº±½±°µø»¤µo¹q¦ì(Sweep VEP)¡C¥Ø«e°ê»ÚÁ{§Éµøı¹q¥Í²z¾Ç·|(International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, ISCEV)¤w¸g¦³¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ïªº¼Ð·Ç(https://iscev.wildapricot.org/standards)¡A±½±°µø»¤µo¹q¦ìªº¼Ð·ÇÁÙ¨S¦³¦C¤J¡C°£¤FÁ{§É¨Ï¥Î¤§¥~¡A³o¨â¶µ¤u¨ã¤]¬Oµøıªº°ò¦¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨sªº§Q¾¹¡C

 

Dr. Erich Sutter

 

¥H¹Ï¹³»¤µoºô½¤©M¤j¸£µø¥Ö½èªº¹q¦ì¤ÏÀ³¥s°µ¹Ï¹³ºô½¤¹q¹Ï(Pattern Electroretinogram¡AERG)©M¹Ï¹³µø»¤µo¹q¦ì(Pattern Visual Evoked Potential¡AVEP)¡A¤j³¡¤À¨Ï¥Îªº¹Ï¹³¬O¦è¬v´Ñ½L¤ÏÂà(Checkerboard Reversal)(¥ª¹Ï)¡C

 

¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï(Multifocal ERG)©M¦hµJµø»¤µo¹q¦ì(Multifocal VEP)¨Ï¥Î¥k¹Ïªº¹Ï¼Ë§@¬°µø¨ë¿E¾¹¡C

 

 

 

¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï°O¿ýªº¤è¦¡¦p¦P¤@¯ëªº¹Ï¹³ºô½¤¹q¹Ï(Pattern ERG)(¥ª¹Ï)¡A¬O¥H¿Ã¹õªº¹Ï¶H¬°µø¨ë¿E¾¹¡A¥þ¿Ã¹õªº¥­§¡«G«×ºû«ù¤£ÅÜ¡C¥¦ªº°O¿ý(¥k¹Ï)«h¬O¹ï¨C¤@­Ó§½³¡¤p¤»¨¤§Îªº¹q¦ì¤ÏÀ³¡C´N§½³¡¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤S¦ü¥G¤ñ¸û±µªñ©ó°{¥úºô½¤¹q¹Ï(Flash ERG)

 

          

 

°O¿ý¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ïªº¹q·¥©M¤@¯ëºô½¤¹q¹ÏµL²§(¨£¹Ï)¡C¨º»ò¦hªº¤»¨¤§Î¦P®É¦b°{Ã{¡B¨ë¿E¦U­Ó§½³¡ªººô½¤¡C¥¦¬O«ç»ò¼Ë¤ÀªR¡B°O¿ý¨ì¨º»ò¦h­Ó§Oªººô½¤¹q¦ì¤ÏÀ³©O¡H³o­pºâªº¤è¦¡¬Oº¡°ªÀɪº¡BºÙ¬°³Ìªø§Ç¦C(Maximal sequence¡AM-sequence) ªº0¡B1¼Æ¾Ç¡C

 

 

¥»¤å±N»¡©ú³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº­pºâ­ì²z¡A¤]¤¶²Ð§Ú­Ì¨Ï¥ÎM-sequence¬ö¿ýÂù²´µø»¤µo¹q¦ìªº¥tÃþ¤èªk¤Îµo²{¡C

 

 

³Ìªø§Ç¦C¤]ºÙ¬°°°ÀH¾÷³Ìªø§Ç¦C(Pseudorandom M-sequence)¡A¬O¤@­Ó0¡B1ªº§Ç¦C(¨£¹Ï)¡A¬Ý¦ü0¡B1ÀH¾÷±Æ¦C¡A³o§Ç¦Cªº²£¥Í¤èªk«o¬O¦³³W«h¡B¤£¬O¯uÀH¾÷ªº¡A¦]¦¹ºÙ¬°°°ÀH¾÷§Ç¦C¡C¹B¥Î¦b¤ß²zª«²z¾Ç¹êÅç(psychophysical experiment)©Î¥Í²z¾Ç¹êÅç(physiological experiment)¡A0¡B1ªº¥X²{°ò¥»¤W¬OÀH¾÷ªº¡BµLªk¹w´Áªº¡C

 

³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªºªø«×(0¡B1ªºÁ`¼Æ)¬O¬Y¤@¾ã¼Ænªº2n-1­Ó0¡B1¡C§Ç¦C¸Ì¦³2n-1­Ó1©M2n-1-1­Ó0¡A1¤ñ0¦h¤@­Ó¡C

 

n = 3ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¦³23 - 1 = 7­Ó0¡B1¡C

[ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 ]

 

 

¥¦¬O¤@­Ó°j°é¡A±q¨C¤@­Ó¦ì¸m¶}©l³£¥i¥H¡A¦@¦³7­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C

 

n = 7ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A¦³27-1 = 127­Ó0¡B1¡C

 

[ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 ]

 

§Ú­Ì¥ý¨Ó¬Ý¡§³Ìªø§Ç¦C¬O«ç»ò¼Ë¤ÀªR¡B°O¿ý¨ì¨º»ò¦h­Ó§Oªººô½¤¹q¦ì¤ÏÀ³¡¨ªº¯µ±K ¡V

¦p«e©Ò­z¡An = 3ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¦³7­Ó¡A¨Ì¨C¤@­Ó§Ç¦C¿é¤J¨ë¿E ¡V §Ç¦C¬O1µ¹¤©¨ë¿E¡A±o¨ì¤ÏÀ³¡F§Ç¦C¬O0«h¤£¨ë¿E¡A¨S¦³¤ÏÀ³(¨£¹Ï)¡C¦P®É¨Ì7­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C¿é¤J7­Ó¨ë¿E¡A7­Ó¤ÏÀ³¥[Á`¤@°_±o¨ì¿é¥X¡C

§Ú­Ì¨Ì²Ä¤T­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C [ 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 ] ±N¥[Á`ªº¤ÏÀ³­¼¤W [ -1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 ]¡A¹J0´N´î¡A¹J1´N¥[¡A¹ï²Ä3­Ó¿é¤Jªº­pºâµ²ªG¡A¬OÅ|¥[¤F2(3-1) = 4¦¸¡A¹ï²Ä5­Ó¿é¤Jªº¤ÏÀ³«h¬O¥[2¦¸¡B´î2¦¸¡A©è¾P¨S¦³¤F¡F¹ï²Ä7­Ó¿é¤Jªº¤ÏÀ³¤]¬O¥[2¦¸¡B´î2¦¸¡A©è¾P¨S¦³¤F¡C°£¤F¹ï²Ä3­Ó§Ç¦C¨ë¿Eªº¤ÏÀ³±o¨ì4¦¸Å|¥[¡A¨ä¥L6­Ó§Ç¦Cªº¤ÏÀ³³£¦Û¬Û©è®ø¤£¨£¤F¡I©ó¬O±q¥[Á`ªº¤ÏÀ³¤¤©â¨ú±o¨ì¹ï²Ä3­Ó§Ç¦C¨ë¿Eªº¤ÏÀ³¡C¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¨Ì¥t6­Ó§Ç¦Cªº0¡B1±N¥[Á`¤ÏÀ³§@¥[¡B´î¹Bºâ¡A´N±o¨ì¨C¤@­Ó§Ç¦C¨ë¿Eªº­Ó§O¤ÏÀ³¡C

¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¡A³Ìªø§Ç¦C¬O¤@­Ó¦h¿é¤J¡B³æ¿é¥X(multiple inputs¡Asingle output)ªº¨t²Î¡C¦Ó¸g¥Ñ³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº¯S©Ê¥h¹Bºâ¡A¥i¥H±q³æ¤@¿é¥X¸Ì¤ÀªR¥X¹ï¨C¤@­Ó¿é¤Jªº­Ó§O¤ÏÀ³¡C

 

³o0¡B1ªº¯«©_¼Æ¾Ç¡A½Ð°Ñ¦ÒShift Register Sequences by Solomon W. Golomb

https://www.amazon.com/-/zh_TW/SHIFT-REGISTER-SEQUENCES-LIMITED-ACCESS-MATHEMATICAL-ebook-dp-B071GL2R73/dp/B071GL2R73/ref=mt_kindle?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=

 

 

 

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¥ý½Æ²ß2¶i¦ì¼Æ¦r¡G1 (001)  2 (010)  3 (011)  4 (100)  5 (101)  6 (110)  7 (111)

³o¸Ì¥Hn = 3³Ì°ò¥»¡B³Ìµuªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¬°¨Ò¤l¡C

¦³¥ª¡B¥k¨âºØ¼È¦s¾¹²¾¦ì(Shift Register)ªº¤è¦¡¡C

 

²Ä¤@ºØ¤èªk(¥ª¹Ï) ¡V ¼È¦s¾¹ªº¤T­Ó¦ì¸m­q¬°x1¡Bx2¡Bx3¡C

x2¡Bx3¦V¥ª²¾¦ì¦Üx1¡Bx2¡A¥kÃä¸É0¡C

²¾¥Xªºx1¦pªG¬°0¡A¥k¨â¦ìªº0¡B1¤£ÅÜ¡C

²¾¥Xªºx1¦pªG¬°1¡A¥k¨â¦ìªº0¡B1¤Ï¬Û(0§ï¦¨1¡B1§ï¦¨0) ¡V ¥ç§Y¼È¦s¾¹¤º®e©M»Öªù¼È¦s¾¹(Tap Register) 3 (011)¡A°µÅÞ¿è¹BºâXOR¡C

±q1 (001)¶}©l¤ÏÂгo­Ó¼È¦s¾¹²¾¦ìªº¨BÆJ¡A¼È¦s¾¹¸Ì¨Ì¦¸¦¨¬°2 (010)¡B4 (100)¡B3 (011)¡B6 (110)¡B7 (111)¡B5 (101)¡A¦A¤U¤@¨B¤S¦^¨ì°_ÀYªº1 (001)¡C

¥Ñ¼È¦s¾¹¥ªÃä¨Ì¦¸±À¥Xªº[ 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 ]´N¬Oªø«×¬°23-1=7ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C

 

²Ä¤GºØ¤èªk(¥k¹Ï) ¡V ¼È¦s¾¹ªº¤T­Ó¦ì¸m¤]¬Ox1¡Bx2¡Bx3¡C

x1¡Bx2¦V¥k²¾¦ì¦Üx2¡Bx3¡C

¦pªG²¾¦ì¤§«eªºx2 XOR x3 = 1¡A¼È¦s¾¹¥ªÃäx1¦ì¸m¸É1¡C

¦pªGx2 XOR x3 = 0¡A¥ªÃäx1¦ì¸m¸É0¡C

±q1 (001)¶}©l¤ÏÂмȦs¾¹²¾¦ìªº°Ê§@¡A¼È¦s¾¹¸Ì¨Ì¦¸¦¨¬°4 (100)¡B2 (010)¡B5 (101)¡B6 (110)¡B7 (111)¡B3 (011)¡A¦A¤U¤@¨B¤S¦^¨ì°_ÀYªº1 (001)¡C

¥Ñ¼È¦s¾¹¥kÃä¨Ì¦¸±À¥Xªº[ 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 ]´N¬Oªø«×¬°23-1=7ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C

 

 

¨Ì¾Ú²Ä¤@ºØ¤èªk²£¥Ín = 7¡Atap = 65ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦CªºBASIC¹q¸£»y¨¥µ{¦¡

 

DEFINT A-Z

n = 7

tap = 65 ¡¦---------------------------------------------------»Öªù¼È¦s¾¹65 (1000001)

nn = 2 ^ n ¡V 1

DIM M(nn) ¡¦------------------------------------------------³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªø«×2n-1

M(1) = 1 ¡¦---------------------------------------------------°_©l­È±q1¶}©l

CLS

FOR i = 1 TO nn

IF M(i) >= 2 ^ (n - 1) THEN ¡¦--------------------------¦pªG²¾¥X1

PRINT " 1"; ¡¦-------------------------------------------³Ìªø§Ç¦C³o¤@¦ì¬O1

M(i + 1) = ((M(i) - 2 ^ (n - 1)) * 2) XOR tap ¡¦------¼È¦s¾¹¤º®e©M»Öªù¼È¦s¾¹65°µXORÅÞ¿è¹Bºâ

ELSE ¡¦-------------------------------------------------------¦pªG²¾¥X0

PRINT " 0"; ¡¦-------------------------------------------³Ìªø§Ç¦C³o¤@¦ì¬O0

M(i + 1) = M(i) * 2 ¡¦---------------------------------------¼È¦s¾¹¤º®e¤£§ïÅÜ

END IF

NEXT

END

 

²£¥Íªºªø«×27 - 1 = 127ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡V

 

 

»Öªù¼È¦s¾¹(Tap Register)ªº¿ï¾Ü«D±`­«­n¡C«e­zªº²Ä¤@ºØ¤èªk¡A¦b²¾¥Xªºx1¬°1®É¡A¼È¦s¾¹¤º®e­n©MTap°µXORÅÞ¿è¹Bºâ¡A²£¥Í·sªº¼È¦s¾¹¤º®e¡C

¥]§t¦³n­Ó0¡B1ªº¼È¦s¾¹¤@¦@¦³2nºØ¥i¯àªº0¡B1²Õ¦X¡A¬Ý¦¨2¶i¦ìªº¼Æ¦r¡A´N¬O0¨ì2n-1ªº³sÄò¾ã¼Æ¡C

¤£¦nªºTap¦b²£¥Í§Ç¦Cªº­«½Æ¹Lµ{¸Ì·|´£¦­¦^¨ì³o­Ó²£¥Í§Ç¦C°j°éªº°_©l­È¡A¥X²{­«½Æªº¾ã¼Æ¡A¦Ó´`Àô¦b¤@­Ó¤£¥]§t¥þ³¡¾ã¼Æªº¤ñ¸û¤pªº¼Æ¸s¸Ì¡F¦Ó¦nªºTap«h·|¸g¹L©Ò¦³2n-1­Ó¾ã¼Æ(°£¤F0)¤~¦^¨ì±qÀY¡A²£¥Íªº§Ç¦C¤~¥s°µ¡§³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡¨(Maximal sequence¡AM-sequence)¡A¤~¦³³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº¤@¨Ç¯S®í©Ê½è¡C

¦nªºTap¤@©w¦³°¸¼Æ­Ó1¡A¦ý¬O¦³°¸¼Æ­Ó1ªº¤£¤@©w¬O¦nªºTap¡C

 

 

 

±qn=5¨ìn=11¡A¥i¥H²£¥Í³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº¦nªºTap¦p¤U¡G

 

 

³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº¯S®í©Ê½è

 

¨              ³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº³Ì­«­n¯S½èÀ³¸Ó¬O©â¨ú¦U­Ó³æ¤¸¤ÏÀ³ªº¤èªk¡C«e¬q´y­z¤Fn = 3ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C©â¨ú«H¸¹ªº¤èªk¡C³o¸Ì¦³8­Ó³æ¤¸¡A¥H¦P¤@­Ón = 5ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡B¦ý¬O¤£¦P°_ÂI(¬õ½bÀY³B)§@¨ë¿E(¦p¹Ï)¡C¦b¥[Á`ªº¤ÏÀ³¤W¥H²Ä¤@³æ¤¸0¡B1¬ÛÀ³ªº-1¡B1§Ç¦C(¦p¹Ï)¥h©â¨ú¡A·|±o¨ì³æ¤¸1ªº¤ÏÀ³¡C³o­Ó¤ÏÀ³¬O2(n-1) = 24 = 16­Ó¤ÏÀ³ªºÅ|¥[(average)µ²ªG¡CÅ|¥[m¦¸¥i¥H¼W±j°T¡B¾¸¤ñ(signal/noise ratio¡AS/N ratio)¡Ôm­¿¡A¦b³o¸Ì¨C­Ó³æ¤¸ªº°T¡B¾¸¤ñ·|¥[±j2(n-1)/2 = 24/2 = 22 = 4­¿¡C

 

[ 1  1  0  1  1  1  1  1  0  1  0  0  0  1  0  0  1  0  1  0  1 ........]

[ 1  1 -1  1  1  1  1  1 -1  1 -1 -1 -1  1 -1 -1  1 -1  1 -1  1 ........]

 

 

¨              n¦ì¤¸¼È¦s¾¹²£¥Íªº³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªø«×¬O2n-1¡A¨ä¤¤¦³2(n-1)­Ó1©M2(n-1)-1­Ó0¡C¦b¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ïªº¤»¨¤§Î°}¦C¸Ì¡A¦pªG1¬O¥Õ¡B0¬O¶Â¡A«h¶Â¡B¥Õ¤»¨¤§Îªº¼Æ¥Ø¥Ã»·¤j­P¬Ûµ¥¡A¾ãÅé¿Ã¹õ¥i¥Hºû«ùµÛ©T©wªº¥­§¡«G«×(¨£¹Ï)¡C

 

 

¨              2n-1­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C¸Ì¥ô·N¨â­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C§@XORÅÞ¿è¹Bºâ¡A±o¨ìªº¤´µM¬O¸s¸Ìªº¥t¤@­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡C¹Bºâ¤§«áªº³Ìªø§Ç¦CºÙ¬°2¶¥®Ö¤ß(2nd order kernel)¡A¥i¥H¸ÑÄÀ¬O«e¨â­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº¥æ¤¬§@¥Î(interaction)¡C¤£¹L¦b°µ³oºØºtĶ(interpretation)ªº®É­Ô¡A­n¬Ý¹êÅ窺³]­p¬O¦p¦ó¦w±Æ¡B¨Ï¥Î³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A¤~¤£·|±o¥X²ö¦W¨ä§®ªºµ²½×¡C

 

¨Ò¦pn=3ªº7­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C(¥ª¹Ï)¤¤ªº²Ä1©M²Ä6°µXOR¹Bºâ¡A±o¨ì²Ä5­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C(¥k¹Ï)¡C¥H³o­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C©â¨ú±o¨ìªº¤ÏÀ³¡AÀ³¸Ó¸ÑÄÀ¦¨²Ä5­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C»¤µoªº¤ÏÀ³¡A©Î¬O²Ä1©M²Ä6¨â­Ó¤ÏÀ³ªº¥æ¤¬§@¥Î©O¡H¸Ñ¨Mªº¤èªk´N¬O¨Ï¥În§ó¤j¡B§óªøªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¥HÁקK­«Å|¡C

       

 

¨              ¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï241­Ó¤»¨¤§Î­n¨Ï¥Î«D±`ªøªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A¤~¥i¥H±o¨ì²z·Qªº°T¡B¾¸¤ñ¡C¨Ò¦pn=16ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¦³216-1 = 65535­Ó0¡B1¡A´Nºâ¹q¸£¿Ã¹õ¨C¬í§e²{60­¶¡A¤]»Ý­n65535 / 60 = 1092¬í = 18¤ÀÄÁ¤~¯à°µ§¹¡C¨S¦³¤H¯à§Ô¨ü18¤ÀÄÁª`µø¿Ã¹õªº¹êÅç©ÎÀˬd¡A©ó¬O±N¤§©î¦¨36­Ó¥b¤ÀÄÁ¡A¦A±N°O¿ýªº¤ù¬q³s±µ°_¨Ó°µ¤ÀªR¡C

 

¨              ¥t¤@­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C¥æ¤¬§@¥Îªº¨Ò¤l¬O¥H³Ìªø§Ç¦C°O¿ýµø»¤µo¹q¦ì¡C¤@¯ëÁ{§Éµø»¤µo¹q¦ìÀˬd¨Ï¥Î¦è¬v´Ñ½L¤ÏÂà(Checkerboard Reversal)§@¬°¬O¨ë¿E¾¹¡A´N¬O¦b¨â±i¦è¬v´Ñ½L ¡V ¦è¬v´Ñ½L1©M¦è¬v´Ñ½L2¤§¶¡³W«ß¦a¤ÏÂà(¥ª¹Ï)¡C¥k¹Ï«h¬O¨ÌM-sequence¤ÏÂ઺¦è¬v´Ñ½L ¡V M-sequence¬O0ªº®É­Ô®i¥Ü¦è¬v´Ñ½L1¡AM-sequence¬O1ªº®É­Ô®i¥Ü¦è¬v´Ñ½L2¡C

 

  

¦è¬v´Ñ½L³W«ß¦a¤ÏÂà                              ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¨ÌM-sequence¤ÏÂà

 

¥H³o­Ó³Ì§Ç¦C¥h©â¨ú¸£ªiªº»¤µo¹q¦ì¡A¬O1¶¥ªº¤ÏÀ³(1st order kernel)¡A¨Ã©â¨ú¤£¨ì¤ÏÀ³¡A¦]¬°»¤µo¹q¦ì¬O¥Ñ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¡§¤ÏÂࡨ¦Ó¨Ó¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¥Ñ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¥»¨­»¤µo¥X¨Ó¡C­n©â¨ú¥Ñ¡§¤ÏÂࡨ¦Ó¨Óªº¹q¦ì¡A´N­n¥Î²Ä¤@Àþ¶¡©M¦¸¤@Àþ¶¡¨â­Ó³Ìªø§Ç¦C§@XOR¹Bºâ²£¥Íªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¥h©â¨ú¸£ªi¡A³oºÙ¬°2¶¥ªº¤ÏÀ³(2nd order kernel) (¥k¹Ï)¡A´N±o¨ì©M¶Ç²Î¦è¬v´Ñ½L¤ÏÂ໤µoªº¬Û¦üªºNPNªi§Î(¨£¹Ï)

 

         

 

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¨              ¥H³Ìªø§Ç¦C°µ¹êÅç¥i¥H§Y®É(real time)²£¥Í³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A¦Ó¤£»Ý¨Æ¥ý·Ç³Æ¦n¥þ³¡ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡C¨Ò¦p¦³8­Ó³æ¤¸(element)¡A¦n¤ñ¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï¦³8­Ó¦ì¸m(focus)¡A²Ä1®É¶¡³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº0¡B1¨Ì§Ç¤À¬£µ¹8­Ó³æ¤¸(¨£¹Ï¡A¥Ñ¥ª¦Ó¥k)¡A¤À¬£§¹²Ä¤@®É¶¡ªº8­Ó³æ¤¸¡A©µÄò­ì¥»ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¤À¬£µ¹²Ä2®É¶¡ªº8­Ó³æ¤¸(¦p¹Ï¡A¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U)¡A¦P¼Ë¦aÄ~Äò¤À¬£µ¹²Ä3®É¶¡¡B²Ä4®É¶¡.....¡C³Ìªø§Ç¦C2n-1­Ó0¡B1¥Î§¹¤F¡A¦A­«ÀY¶}©l´`Àô¡C³o¼Ë¥Ñ¥ª¦Ó¥k¡B¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U¾î¦V¤À¬£³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªºµ²ªG¡A¦pªGÁa¦V¡B¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U¬Ý¡A¨C¤@­Ó³æ¤¸ªº0¡B1§Ç¦C¤´µM¬O­ì¥»ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A°_ºÝ¤£¤@¼Ë¦Ó¤w¡I¦Ó8­Ó³æ¤¸ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº°_ºÝ¬O¦ì©ó¬Û¹j1/8³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªø«×ªº¦ì¸m(¹Ï¤¤¬õ½bÀY³B)¡I

 

 

¨              ³æ¤¸ªº¼Æ¥Ø¥²¶·¬O2ªº¦¸¤è ¡V 1 (20)¡B2 (21)¡B4 (22)¡B.....¡B256 (28)¡B.....¡B2048 (211)¡B4096 (212).....¤~¦³¤W­z³oºØ¾î¦V¤À¬£0¡B1ªº©Ê½è¡C¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ïµ{¦¡¸Ìªº61­Ó¤»¨¤§Î¡B103­Ó¤»¨¤§Î¡B241­Ó¤»¨¤§Î¡A¥¦­ÌÀ³¸Ó¤À§O¬O¨Ï¥Î64 (26)¡B128 (27)©M256 (28)­Ó³æ¤¸¨Ó¤À¬£³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº0¡B1(¨£¹Ï)¡C

 

 

¨              ³o¬O¤@­Ón=9¡Aªø«×29-1¡Atap=33¡A°_©l­È=67ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A¨Ì§Ç¤À°tµ¹16­Ó³æ¤¸(element)ªº°ÊºA¥Ü·N¹Ï (¦p¹Ï¡A¥Ñ¥ª¦Ó¥k)¡C¤À¬£§¹²Ä¤@®É¶¡ªº16­Ó³æ¤¸¡A©µÄò­ì¥»ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¤À¬£µ¹²Ä2®É¶¡ªº16­Ó³æ¤¸(¦p¹Ï¡A¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U)¡A¦P¼Ë¦aÄ~Äò¤À¬£µ¹²Ä3®É¶¡¡B²Ä4®É¶¡.....¡C³Ìªø§Ç¦C2n-1­Ó0¡B1¥Î§¹¤F¡A¦A­«ÀY¶}©l´`Àô¡C³o¼Ë¥Ñ¥ª¦Ó¥k¡B¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U¾î¦V¤À¬£³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªºµ²ªG¡A¦pªGÁa¦V¡B¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U¬Ý¡A¨C¤@­Ó³æ¤¸ªº0¡B1§Ç¦C¤´µM¬O­ì¥»ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦C¡A°_ºÝ¤£¤@¼Ë¦Ó¤w¡I¦Ó16­Ó³æ¤¸ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº°_ºÝ¬O¦ì©ó¬Û¹j1/16³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªø«×ªº¦ì¸m¡C

 

 

¨              ¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ïªº61­Ó¤»¨¤§Î¥i¥H¦p¥ª¹Ï¡A³£¤@¼Ë¤j¤p¡C¦ý¬O°t¦Xµø³¥¤¤¥¡³¡¤À±Ó·P«×¤ñ¸û°ª¡B¹q¤ÏÀ³¤ñ¸û¤j¡B±µ¨ü°ì(receptive field)¤ñ¸û¤pªº©Ê½è¡A61­Ó¤»¨¤§Î©ó¬O°µ¦¨¤¤¶¡¤p¡B¥~Ãä¤jªº¼Ë¤l(¥k¹Ï)¡C

 

  

 

¨              °£¤F¡§§Y®É¡¨²£¥Í§Ç¦C¡A³Ìªø§Ç¦C°µ¹êÅç¤]¥i¥H¡§§Y®É¡¨¤ÀªRµ²ªG¡A¦Ó¤£¥²µ¥¹êÅç¡BÀˬd§@§¹¤~¨Æ«á§@¤ÀªR¡C³o8­Ó³æ¤¸ªº³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº°_ÂI³£¬Oª¾¹Dªº¡AÀHµÛ¹êÅ窺¶i¦æ¡A¥H¨C¤@­Ó³æ¤¸ªº§Ç¦C¬ÛÀ³ªº-1¡B1§Ç¦C¥h©â¨ú¡A¸Ó³æ¤¸ªº¤ÏÀ³·|º¥º¥¦aÅ|¥[¯B²{¥X¨Ó¡A¦Ó¨ä¥L³æ¤¸ªº¤ÏÀ³«hº¥º¥¦a¦Û§Ú¤¬¬Û©è®ø¡A¨C¤@­Ó³æ¤¸ªº¤ÏÀ³³vº¥¦a¤ÀÂ÷§e²{¥X¨Ó¡C¹êÅçµ²§ô¡A§Y®É´N§¹¦¨¤ÀªR¡A±o¨ì¨C¤@­Ó³æ¤¸¤ÀÂ÷ªº¡B­Ó§Oªº¤ÏÀ³¡C³o·íµM±o¨Ì¾a§Ö³t¡B¤j¶qªº¹Bºâ¤~¦³¥i¯à¡A³o¸Ì¨Ï¥Îªº¬OFast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWT)¡C

 

¦p«e©Ò­z¡A³Ìªø§Ç¦C¥i¥H§Y®É²£¥Íµø¨ë¿E¾¹¡A¤£¥²¨Æ«e­pºâ¡B·Ç³Æ¡F³Ìªø§Ç¦C©â¨ú¨C¤@­Ó³æ¤¸ªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¤]¥i¥H§Y®É§¹¦¨¡C³o¤j¶qªº¹Bºâ·íµM¥i¥H¥ý±N¸£ªi¡Bºô½¤¹qªiÀx¦s°_¨Ó¨Æ«á³B²z¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG¥i¥H¦b¹êÅç¡BÀˬd¶i¦æ·í¤U§Y®É§e²{¦Ü¤Ö¤@­Ó³æ¤¸ªº¤ÏÀ³¡AºÊµø°O¿ý¬O§_¦¨¥\¡A·|¤ñ¸û¦³Á{³õ·P¡A¤]¥i¥H§Y®Éµo²{¿ù»~¡A¤£·|®ö¶O®É¶¡¡C§Ö³t¡B§Y®É¤ÀªR³Ìªø§Ç¦C½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¨Uº¸¤°Âà´«Hadamard-Walsh Transform¡AFast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWT)¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ¼s¸qªº³Å¥ß¸­Âà´«Fourier Transform¡AFast Fourier Transform (FFT)¡C³o­Ó¨t²Îªº¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ«D±`½ÆÂø¡A¦ý¬Oºtºâªk(algorithm)³£¬O¤½¶}ªº¡A¨Ã«D§¹¥þ»»¤£¥i¤Î¡C

 

(The Hadamard transform is also known as the Walsh¡VHadamard transformHadamard¡VRademacher¡VWalsh transform, Walsh transform, or 

Walsh¡VFourier transform.)

Hadamard2.jpg Hans Rademacher - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia Joseph L. Walsh photo.jpeg

Jacques Solomon Hadamard(1865-1963)¡AHans Adolph Rademacher(1892¡V1969)¡AJoseph Leonard Walsh(1895¡V1973)

 

 

³o¬OErich Sutterªº¨t²Î¡AEDI¤½¥qªºVERIS¡C

 

Erich Sutter¦b¼Ú¬w¨S½Ð±M§Q¡A©ó¬O¦³¼w°ê¤½¥q½Æ»s¤F³o­Ó¨t²Î¡ARETI-scanµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î(¼w°êùÄõ¤½¥q)¡C

 

¬ü°êªºEDI VERISµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î

RETI-scanµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î¡]¼w°êùÄõ¤½¥q¡^

Diagnosisµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î¡]¬ü°êEpision¤½¥q¡^

ªk°êªºMetro Visionµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î

 

¤@¦¸¦b¤j³°·|ijªº¼t°Ó®i¥Ü³õ¦X¡A¤]¦³¤j³°ªº¤½¥q¦Û¤v³Ð§@¤F³o­Ó¨t²Î¡C

GT-2000NVµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î¡]­«¼y°ê¯SÂåÀø³]³Æ¤½¥q¡^

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APS-2000Aµøı¹q¥Í²z¨t²Î¡]­«¼y±dµØ¬ì§Þ¦³­­¤½¥q¡^

 

 

¥H³Ìªø§Ç¦Cºtºâªk¦P®É°O¿ý¨â²´ªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì

 

¤@¯ëÁ{§Éµø»¤µo¹q¦ìÀˬd¬O¨â²´¤À§OÀˬd¡C¬JµM³Ìªø§Ç¦C¬O¤@­Ó¦h¿é¤J¡B³æ¿é¥Xªº¨t²Î¡A¦Ó¸g¥Ñ³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªº¯S©Ê¥h¹Bºâ¡A¥i¥H±q³æ¤@¿é¥X¸Ì¤ÀªR¥X¹ï¨C¤@­Ó¿é¤Jªº­Ó§O¤ÏÀ³¡C§Ú­Ì©ó¬O³]­pÀ¹¬õ¡Bºñ²´Ãè ¡V ¥k²´ºñ¤ù¡B¥ª²´¬õ¤ù ¡V ¦P®É°O¿ýÂù²´µø»¤µo¹q¦ìªº¹q¸£µ{¦¡¡C¬õ¡Bºñ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¦U¦Û¸òÀH³Ìªø§Ç¦C§e²{¡C´N¨Ï¥Î³Ìªø§Ç¦Cªººtºâ¨Ó»¡¡A³o¤ñErich Sutterªº¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ïªº³W¼Ò¬O¤pªº¦h¤F¡A³o¸Ì¥u¥Î¤F¥ª²´©M¥k²´¨â­Ó³æ¤¸(element)¡C¥ª²´¬õ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¸òÀHM(1)³Ìªø§Ç¦C§e²{ ¡V M(1)¬O0ªº®É­Ô®i¥Ü¦è¬v´Ñ½L1¡BM(1)¬O1ªº®É­Ô®i¥Ü¦è¬v´Ñ½L2¡F¥k²´ºñ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¸òÀHM(2)³Ìªø§Ç¦C§e²{ ¡V M(2)¬O0ªº®É­Ô®i¥Ü¦è¬v´Ñ½L1¡BM(2)¬O1ªº®É­Ô®i¥Ü¦è¬v´Ñ½L2¡C¥ª¹Ï¬O¶Ç²Îªº¶Â¡B¥Õ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¤ÏÂà¡A¥k¹Ï¬O¬õ¡Bºñ¦è¬v´Ñ½L¸òÀH³Ìªø§Ç¦C¤ÏÂà¡A¦P®É°O¿ý¨â²´ªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì¡C

 

  

 

§Ú­Ì¨Ì·ÓÁ{§Éµø»¤µo¹q¦ìÀˬd¡A¥Ñ¤W¦Ó¤U§@4­Ó®æ¤l¨Ì§ÇÅܤpªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì(¨£¹Ï)¡A¥i¨£¨Ì¾Ú³Ìªø§Ç¦C¦P®É°O¿ý¨â²´¡A±o¨ì´X¥G¦P¼Ëªº¹Ï¹³µø»¤µo¹q¦ì(pattern VEP)ªºNPNªi§Î¡C

 
¶Ç²ÎVEP      M-seq VEP           ¶Ç²ÎVEP      M-seq VEP

 

¨â²´¦P®É°O¿ý¤]¥i¥HÆ[¹î¨â²´¤§¶¡¬O§_¦³¥æ¤¬§@¥Î¡C§Ú­Ì°O¿ý¤­­Ó¶µ¥Ø¡V(1)¨â²´¦P®É¬Ý¡A(2)¥ª²´¦è¬v´Ñ½LÀR¤î¡A(3)¥k²´¦è¬v´Ñ½LÀR¤î¡A(4)

¾B¦í¥ª²´¡B¥u¥k²´¬Ý©M(5)¾B¦í¥k²´¡B¥u¥ª²´¬Ý¡C

        

¨â²´¦P®É¬Ý               ¥ª²´¦è¬v´Ñ½LÀR¤î         ¥k²´¦è¬v´Ñ½LÀR¤î                 ¥u¥k²´¬Ý                       ¥u¥ª²´¬Ý

 

³o¬O5¦ìÂù²´µø¡B¥ßÅé·P¥¿±`ªº¤H¡C¨â²´¨Ì³Ìªø§Ç¦C¦P®É°O¿ý(¥ªÄæ)ªºªi´T(amplitude)¥u¦³³æ²´°O¿ý(¥k¨âÄæ)ªº¤@¥b¡C

 

³o¬O6¦ìÂù²´µø¤£¨Î¡B¥ßÅé·P´ú¸Õ¤£³q¹Lªº¤H¡C¨â²´¨Ì³Ìªø§Ç¦C¦P®É°O¿ý(¥ªÄæ)ªºªi´T©M³æ²´°O¿ý(¥k¨âÄæ)ªºªi´T´X¥G¬Û¦P¡C

 

Dr. Suzanne McKee´£¥X¤@­Óµü·J¡§¿Ä¦X©Ê§í¨î¡¨ (Fusional suppression)¡A«üªº¬OÂù²´µø¥¿±`ªº¤H¡A¨â²´ªº¥æ¤¬§@¥Î§í¨î¤F¨â²´¦U¦Ûªº¬¡°Ê¤O¡C¥Î¤uµ{ªº³N»y¨Ó»¡¡A¬O¦³Âù²´µøªº¤H¡A¨â²´ªº¥æ¤¬§@¥ÎÅý¨â²´³æ²´µøªº¯à¶q¦³¤@³¡¤À²¾¥h¤FÂù²´µø¡A©ó¬OÂù²´¦P®É°O¿ýªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì­°§C¡CÂù²´µø¤£¨Îªº¤H¡A«h¯à¶q³£¯d¦b¨â²´¦U¦Ûªº³æ²´µø¡AÂù²´¦P®É°O¿ýªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì¨Ã¨S¦³­°§C¡Aºû«ù©M³æ²´¬Ý®É¦P¼Ëªºªi´T¡C

 

¿Ä¦X©Ê§í¨î(Fusional suppression)ªº°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm¡G

McKee SPHarrad RA. Fusional suppression in normal and stereoanomalous observers. Vis Res. 1993 Aug;33(12):1645-58.

Fu VL, Norcia AM, Birch EE. Fusional Suppression in Accommodative and Infantile Esotropia. Invest Ophthal & Vis Sci May 2006, Vol.47, 2450. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract May 2006.

Birch EE, Fu VL, Norcia AM. Fusional Suppression During Infancy. Invest Ophthal & Vis Sci May 2006, Vol.47, 2449. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract May 2006.

 

 

¥H¤W®i¥Ü§Ú­Ì§Q¥Î2­Ó³æ¤¸ªº¤p³W¼Ò³Ìªø§Ç¦Cºtºâªk¦P®É°O¿ý¨â²´ªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì¡CÃþ¦üªº³]­p¥i¥H¦P®É°O¿ý³æ²´»ó¡Bù®°¼µø³¥ªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì(2³æ¤¸)¡F¦P®É°O¿ý¨â²´»ó¡Bù®°¼µø³¥ªºµø»¤µo¹q¦ì(4³æ¤¸)µ¥µ¥¡C¨â²´»ó°¼µø³¥(ù®°¼ºô½¤¡B«D¥æ¤eµø¸ô¡Auncrossed optic pathway)¤§¶¡ªº¥æ¤¬§@¥Î¬O«D±`¦³¿³½ìªº¡A¦]¬°«D¥æ¤eµø¸ô¬Oª«ºØºt¤Æ¤W¡A¨â²´¥ÑÀY³¡¨â°¼³vº¥²¾¨ì«e­±¡A¨â²´ªºµø³¥Åܦ¨¦³³¡¤À­«Å|¡A±q¦Ó²£¥ÍÂù²´µø¤§«á¤~º¥º¥¥[­«¤ñ¨Ò¡B¼W¥[¼Æ¶qªº¡AÀ³¸Ó©MÂù²´µøıªº¾÷¨î¦³±K¤ÁªºÃöÁp¡C

 

¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï©Mµø¥Ö½è»¤µo¹q¦ìÀˬd©Mµø³¥Àˬd¦³´X¤ÀÃþ¦ü¡C«áªÌ¬O¨ü¸ÕªÌ¥DÆ[(subjective)¦a§@¥X¤ÏÀ³ªº¤ß²zª«²z¾Ç(psychophysics)Àˬd¡A«eªÌ«h¬O«ÈÆ[(objective)ªº¹q¦ì°O¿ý¡C

 

´¿¦³¤H°O¿ý¦hµJÀû¤Õ¦¬ÁY¤ÏÀ³(Multifocal pupillary light reflex)¡A¬Ý¬Ýºô½¤¤W¨C¤@­Ó¦ì¸m±µ¨ü¥ú«G¹ïÀû¤Õ¦¬ÁY¤ÏÀ³°^Ämªº¤ñ­«¡C

 

¦³¤H¥ý¥H¶À¥ú­I´ºº}¥Õ(bleach)¬õÀ@²Ó­M©MºñÀ@²Ó­M¡A¤§«á¥HÂÅ¥ú¤»¨¤§Î¸òÀH³Ìªø§Ç¦C°O¿ýÂÅÀ@²Ó­Mªº¦hµJºô½¤¹q¹Ï¡A¥Î¨Ó°lÂÜ«C¥ú²´¶Ë®`ÂÅÀ@²Ó­Mªº¯fµ{¡C

 

Á`¤§¡Aµo´§·Q¹³¤O¡A¦n¦n§Q¥Î³Ìªø§Ç¦C³o­Ó¦h¿é¤J¡B³æ¿é¥X¡A¦A±q³æ¿é¥X¸Ì¤ÀªR¹ï¦U­Ó¿é¤Jªº­Ó§O¤ÏÀ³ªº±j¤j¨t²Î¡C